Posts Tagged ‘spirituality’
A Brief History Of Hinduism
Hinduism is a complex combination of polytheistic religion, a (belief in numerous gods, rather like the Greek and the Roman deities) and philosophy. It stemmed from Vedism, which dates back to the second millennium before Christ. It is not surprising therefore that numerous sects have developed or broken away from a belief of this age.
However, most of these sects rely on the one book, the Vedic texts known collectively as the ‘Upanishads’, and their differences are a result of their individual interpretations of it. These texts describe the activities of Shiva, the creator, preserver and destroyer of the universe and they are based on even more ancient texts such as the Mahabharata, the Ramayana and, less well-known in the West, the Puaranas.
The Bhagavad Gita, the Lord’s Song, a part of the Mahabharata, relates a dialogue between Krishna (another incarnation of the god Vishnu) and the student Prince Arjuna. This dialogue elucidates the three paths to enlightenment or union with God.
This might sound dreary, but I can assure you that reading the Bhagavad Gita could easily transform the way that you look upon life no matter which religion you adhere to, if you have one.
The fundamentals of Hinduism are that individuals ought to strive to connect their selves (Atman) with the Godhead (Brahman) and reincarnation (samsara). Just what people come back as is determined by how they have led their lives, that is, one’s actions (karma) and one’s duty (dharma).
This continuous reincarnation into a life of suffering can only be broken when one reaches the Godhead in a state of Atman-Brahman. Their are four paths to achieve this divine condition in Hinduism. These are: jnana yoga, which is based on knowledge; bhakti yoga, which is based on service to God; karma yoga, which is based on work for God (rather than oneself) and raja yoga, which is based on psychophysical exercise.
Raja yoga, or the ‘Royal Path’, is the form of yoga that most Westerners will have heard of and seen. Raja yoga is more popular in these West these days than at any other period in history.
Hinduism has three principal theistic traditions founded on anthropomorphic gods. Vishnu is a loving god incarnated as Krishna; Shiva is both protective and destructive and Brahma is the creator. Saktism is a form of worship dedicated to the female partners of Vishnu and Shiva. Hindu’s venerate all forms of life, but the most sacred animal to Hindus is the cow.
Hindu worship revolves around a person’s and a family’s devotion to a particular ‘favourite’ god or group of gods. The act of worship is carried out at a shrine, which can be at home or communally in public. There are a number of places of pilgrimage including the Ganges in northern India.
The three primary festivals are Dipavali – the ‘festival of lights’ – which sacred to Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity; Holi, a spring festival and Dashara, a harvest festival.
Hinduism is the oldest of the world’s great religions. It is most widespread in India, which has outlawed the ancient caste system of Hinduism. This caste system used to divide society into five main groups: brahmins were leaders, philosophers and artists; kshatriyas were princes, soldiers and administrators; vaishyas were merchants and landowners; shudras were labourers and the rest were outcasts or untouchables.
Owen Jones, the author of this piece writes on many subjects but is at present involved with Easter.If you would like to read more, please go over to our website entitled Celebrating Easter
Buddhism And The Three Chief Buddhist Sects
After Buddha’s death in 483 BC, his closest adherents (his disciple monks) took time off their preaching to write down his sermons (sutras) and his regulations (vinayas). In the old convention of Buddha, monks originally walked the countryside preaching and teaching for nine months of the year and went to sit out the monsoon period in a retreat for three months.
These retreats became monasteries and temples. The retreat into monasteries was important in the development of different interpretations of Buddha’s teachings and in due course led to the formation of various sects which gained popularity in various regions of Asia.
There are three foremost Buddhist sects: Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana or Tantric Buddism.
Theravada Buddhism is the principal sect in Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Thailand and is the sect that remains most loyal to Buddha’s original doctrines. Theravada Buddhism teaches that the path to the achievement of personal Nirvana is the objective of life. It is a very personal religion in that everybody is alone on their own path to enlightenment.
Mahayana Buddism became the largest sect and spread along the Silk Road from India through China to east Asia starting in around 200 BC. Mahayana Buddhists worship Buddha and the Buddhist saints (bodhisattvas – literally ‘wisdom beings’).
Bodhisattvas are beings that curb themselves from achieving Nirvana (and therefore leaving the wheel of life or cycle of birth, death and reincarnation) so that they can help others achieve Nirvana, which is a major difference between it and Theravada Buddhism.
Mahayana Buddhism is more readily absorbed by different cultures than the other forms which accounts for it having spread so far. The Buddhist emperor Ashoka (272-232 BC) gave Mahayana a huge boost in popularity by despatching missionaries to Sri Lanka, south-east Asia and China from where it was taken to Korea and Japan in the Sixth Century anno domini.
Zen Buddhism grew in popularity in Japan and China in the Seventh Century. Zen Buddhism is a variant of Mahayana Buddhism and teaches that Nirvana can be attained through mental conditioning and meditation.
Vajrayana or Tantric Buddhism grew in the Seventh Century as well and is most common in Tibet and Mongolia. Vajrayana Buddhism strives to identify the initiate with a visualized deity. Tantric cannon includes esoteric writings, teaching that meditation can engage the mind by the use of mantras (chants), mudras (hand gestures) and mandalas (visible icons). The Dalai Lama is the spiritual and temporal leader of Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhists.
Buddhism attained its height of popularity in China during the T’ang dynasty in the Ninth Century, at which point it was partially suppressed by royal decree. Likewise Zen reached its height of popularity in the Nineteen Century when the Japanese royal family switched to Shintoism taking numerous royal hangers-on with it. Buddhism declined in India too in the Eighth Century because lots of its concepts were absorbed into Hinduism. Buddism was to all intents and purposes extinct in India by the Thirteenth Century.
Owen Jones, the writer of this article writes on many topics but is at present involved with Easter.If you would like to read more, please go over to our web site entitled Celebrating Easter
What Is In A Wine Glass?
The growing trend of popularity of wine has led to a boom in things to go with wine like corkscrews, stoppers, coolers, napkins, pouring baskets, decanters, candles, thermometers, bottle jackets, hydrometers and dozens of varieties of each accessory from electric versions to manual ones. Needless to say, a lot of these accessories will be used until the novelty wears off and then left at the back of the cupboard.
However, there is one category of wine drinking accessory that no wine drinker should be without and that is wine glasses. They are essential, I am sure that everyone would agree. But the good thing about wine glasses is that they are attractive when they are not in use too. A set of six lead crystal wine glasses is a fine-looking sight. And a fine set of glasses correctly shaped for the wine you are drinking will greatly enhance your enjoyment of that wine.
This is because the shape of the glass is very influential on the drinker’s ability to savour the taste and the aroma of wine. Therefore, it is essential to use the correct glasses for the type of wine being served.
Red wines gain a lot from contact with air, so, apart from opening the bottle an hour before drinking it, you could decant it. The older and heavier the wine, the more air it needs. The next step is to serve the red wine in large glasses. This is not so as to be able to get as much wine in there as possible! A full, normal size bottle holds six servings no matter what glass you use, but a large glass allows you to swirl the wine around the glass, thereby increasing its contact with air.
A large tulip shaped glass is a good illustration of this kind of wine glass and any dark red wine would benefit from being drunk out of such a vessel. Try a Rioja or Bordeaux, for instance.
White wines, on the other hand, do not need to breathe for as long as red wines and are best served slightly chilled. Therefore, the wine glasses are likely to have a smaller bowl and a longer stem. The bowl is smaller, because swirling is not necessary and the stem is longer, so that the warmth from your hand does not warm the wine up prematurely. Try a Chardonnay, a Sauvignon or a German wine in these glasses.
Champagne glasses are called champagne flutes because the bowl is long and narrow, which allows the bubbles to float through more of the wine than if the bowl were short. This is beneficial for the wine, the taste and its appearance. The stem is also long as with other white wines to diminish heat transfer.
The last main kind of glass is the sherry schooner, which is also used for port. Sherry and port are both heavy reds and so need to breathe, which is one of the reasons why they ought to be decanted. However, a schooner has hardly any stem, because the warmth from your hand is required to keep the wine at the right temperature.
Besides the shape of the bowl and the length of the stem, the next most significant factor is the quality of the glass and its design. Some people like hand-blown glass and it can be very beautiful, but it also tends to be light and fragile. I prefer to use lead crystal glasses, which are a lot heavier and can take a deeper pattern.
Owen Jones, the author of this article, writes on many topics, but is currently involved with Waterford crystal vases. If you have an interest in Irish crystal or wedding rings, please go to our website now at White Gold Claddagh Ring
Black Hills Gold Rings
Most people have aspirations for the future. Some people plan out their lives in elaborate detail from an early age, while others just pray that their dreams will come true. I think that that depends on the attitude to life you have as much as your personality. I definitely remember that when I was a boy, some of the girls I knew were planning what they would do when they got married to so and so movie star.
They did not know much about marriage or what being married was like, they were just role playing, but some of those desires might have stuck.
None of the boys I knew thought about their future much at all. I did not either really although I knew that I wanted to go to university and travel after that. I studied French and German for three years and passed my exams.
After finishing university, I began working for an international firm and did some traveling. I have always liked jewellery although I do not wear a lot at the same time. I suppose I collect jewellery, but I like to wear it as well.
It was a custom of mine to buy a piece of jewellery wherever I went, if I saw something I liked and if I could afford it. Anyway, I met a young woman while I was in America and I told her about my craze for collecting jewellery and rings in particular. I showed her a couple of rings that I had taken with me. One was a ring with a Celtic Knot design and another was an Irish Claddagh ring.
Anyway, we got on well and she offered to take me to a jewellers that she knew. We went to a small back street jeweller, who had a range of rings I had never heard of before. They were called Black Hills Gold Rings and they looked very special. They have quite a range, including a lot of the common designs, but they also have a few kinds that I had never seen before. I was hooked and wanted one.
My friend really fell for a women’s wedding set. She had seen it in the window for months, but did not have anyone to give it to her. The engagement ring had two leaves and a grape cluster with a small diamond nestled in the middle of it, while the wedding band had two additional leaves and a grape cluster. This meant that when worn together, the two rings would fit together to surround the diamond completely. It was very beautiful.
I had to grant that it was very beautiful, but felt it necessary to point out that I had not known her long enough to propose. She was a good sort and did not feel offended. I bought a striking white gold ring with the Black Hills gold roses inlaid on the top two thirds of the band, leaving the bottom of the ring plain. It was a lovely addition to my collection. As for my guide, well, she did not get a ring, but I took her for an expensive meal and she seemed happy enough with that.
Owen Jones, the writer of this article, writes on many subjects, but is currently involved with theCeltic Knot wedding ring. If you have an interest in wedding rings too, please go to our website now at White Gold Claddagh Ring
Investing In Gold
A very diversified investment portfolio has a small space for a position in gold. Some people think that investing in gold means holding gold coins, usually South African Kruger Rands, which are one troy ounce in weight. Other speculators purchase gold futures on the commodity exchange.
However, futures contracts are extremely risky because you are betting that the value of gold will rise or fall in the future. The contract itself takes a fairly small up front payment, but you will have to put up guarantees called margin to take care of daily changes in price.
The reason investors are attracted to gold at the moment is because often in the past, when the stock market is down, the gold market is up. Weakness in the dollar frequently brings a surge in the price of gold too.
Another route to investing in gold is through bonds and precious metal funds, which can be purchased through a stock broker. However, you will need to choose your adviser very cautiously, because this area of investing requires highly expert expertise.
The following tips are meant as examples only as you will need up-to-the-minute information, if you are considering investing in stocks, shares and funds. One of the names that will come up in any search is Agnico-Eagle Mines, which trades on the NYSE and the Toronto Stock Exchange under the ticker AEM. They have 30+ year history in the production of gold and In that time, they have produced 4,000,000+ ounces of gold.
Gold has made massive profits for investors in gold since the late 1970’s. However, the key to making profits from gold is knowledge of the different resistance points in the price and the evaluation of the global market for the use of gold. It is used primarily in jewellery and electronics and some other types of manufacturing.
The biggest markets for gold jewellery is India and other Eastern countries. China’s new-found prosperity is also having an effect on the markets, although manufacturing is still of prime importance there.
You will need a good stockbroker or adviser, because the gold market is so complicated. If you are speculating on gold as a hedge against a weak dollar, you are taking gigantic risks and you will need to look for any strengthening in the dollar like a hawk. A pretty sensible tactic is to set yourself realistic goals. For example, are you happy with a 10% profit or are you going to hang out for a 25% profit?
Gold can be affected by seasonal events. Check out when people in India get married. It is seasonal and around Christmas time. Then St. Valentine’s Day is a realistic stimulus too, but you or your adviser will have to study the trends and the graphs.
You can invest in gold mining stocks for quite small money, but it is not the cost of the share certificate that is important, it is the return on those shares. Be on your guard with small mining companies, because the overheads of exploration are ruinous. Likewise, profits on hitting a big seam would be wonderful for a small company.
Owen Jones, the writer of this piece, writes on many topics, but is currently involved with Clogau Welsh gold. If you have an interest in wedding rings too, please go to our website now at White Gold Claddagh Ring